Ocimum gratissimum Lodd., commonly known as African Tree Basil, is a perennial shrub with aromatic, serrated leaves and small white or pale purple flowers. Native to tropical Africa, it flourishes in well-drained soils under full sun, often growing wild near villages or cultivated in home gardens. Traditionally, communities have valued this plant for its potent medicinal properties, employing it in remedies for respiratory ailments, digestive issues, and skin irritations. Rich in essential oils such as eugenol and thymol, O. gratissimum exhibits robust antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, making it a valuable resource in maintaining general well-being and supporting natural health practices.

Adenia cissampeloides is a plant species that is native to tropical Africa. It is commonly known as the mboa fruit or the sausage tree. The plant is highly valued for its medicinal properties and has been used in traditional African medicine for centuries. Some of the traditional medicinal uses of Adenia cissampeloides include:

Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: Adenia cissampeloides is used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach pain.

Treatment of infertility: The plant is also used to treat infertility and in women

Treatment of snakebites: The root and stem bark of Adenia cissampeloides are used to treat snake bites.

Treatment of malaria: The plant is used to treat malaria. The root and stem bark of Adenia cissampeloides are used to prepare the medicine for treating malaria.

Albizia coriaria, commonly known as Light Wood, is a medium-to-large deciduous tree recognized by its broad, feathery, double-compound leaves and rugged grey-brown bark. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, it thrives in well-drained woodlands and savannahs. The tree’s bark and leaves have long been valued in various cultures for their purported medicinal virtues, especially in supporting skin health and soothing discomfort. Extracts from Albizia coriaria have traditionally been employed for their anti-inflammatory and immune-supporting effects. The plant’s rich profile of phytochemicals, including saponins and flavonoids, play a key role in these beneficial properties, making it respected for promoting well-being and organ balance among local populations.

The Wild Sunflower (Aspilia africana) is a perennial herb distinguished by its bright yellow, daisy-like flowers and coarsely hairy, green leaves. Native to tropical Africa, it typically grows along roadsides, open grasslands, and cultivated fields. Traditionally valued for its medicinal properties, the plant has been used to promote wound healing, stop minor bleeding, and soothe skin irritations. Its leaves and flowers are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and saponins, which contribute to its role in reducing inflammation and supporting the body’s natural immune responses. The Wild Sunflower stands out both for its striking appearance and its significant role in traditional African medicine.

Bidens pilosa (Bidens pilosa L.) is a hardy, annual herb recognized by its slender, angular stems and bright, daisy-like yellow blossoms. Leaves are deeply lobed and green, narrowing toward the tips. This adaptable plant thrives in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, often spreading across open fields and roadsides. Traditionally, Bidens pilosa has been valued for its ability to address minor wounds, infections, digestive issues, and inflammation. Its leaves and aerial parts offer a rich variety of bioactive constituents, notably flavonoids and phenolic acids, lending the plant impressive antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immune-supporting properties. Many cultures utilize Bidens pilosa for its broad therapeutic benefits, earning it a respected place in natural medicine.

Ageratum conyzoides, commonly known as Billy goat weed, is an annual herb with soft, hairy stems and rounded, serrated leaves. The plant produces clusters of small, bluish-purple flowers that are often seen at the tips of its stems. Native to Central America, Billy goat weed now thrives in warm, tropical regions worldwide, frequently found in fields, roadsides, and cultivated lands. Traditionally valued in folk medicine, its leaves and flowers have been used for treating wounds, skin conditions, and digestive complaints, attributed to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Modern research attributes these benefits to a variety of bioactive compounds, reinforcing the plant’s reputation as a versatile resource for promoting natural health and recovery.

In traditional medicine, various parts of the plant have been used for their medicinal properties. Here are some of the reported uses of Carissa spinarum Lodd herb: 

Digestive issues: In traditional medicine, Carissa spinarum Lodd has been used to treat digestive disorders such as constipation, diarrhea, and stomach pain. The fruit and roots of the plant have been used to make a decoction or tea to treat ailments in women after birth.

Wound healing: The leaves and bark of the plant have been used topically to promote wound healing, reduce inflammation and swelling.

Antimicrobial properties: Carissa spinarum Lodd has been found to have antimicrobial properties, and has been used in traditional medicine to treat various infections such as skin infections and urinary tract infections

Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the genus Cinnamomum, with Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia being the most common types. Native to Sri Lanka and parts of Southeast Asia, cinnamon trees grow best in tropical climates.

Harvesting involves cutting the stems of the cinnamon tree and scraping off the outer bark. The inner bark is then peeled in long rolls and left to dry, naturally curling into quills or sticks. Once dried, it can also be ground into a fine powder.

As a spice, cinnamon is widely used in baking, cooking, and beverages for its warm, sweet, and slightly spicy flavor. It’s a key ingredient in dishes like cinnamon rolls, curries, and mulled wine.

Medicinally, cinnamon has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. It is believed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Modern research suggests it may help lower blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and support heart health when used in moderation.

Cleome gynandra, also known as the Shona cabbage , is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in many parts of Africa. Here are some of the traditional uses of the plant:

Nutritional value: Cleome gynandra is highly nutritious, and is a good source of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, iron, calcium and protein. It is sometimes used as a food supplement in areas where people have limited access to a balanced diet. 

Treatment of various ailments: In traditional medicine, Cleome gynandra is used to treat a variety of ailments including stomach ailments, respiratory infections, fever, headaches, constipation, and toothache.

Wound healing: The leaves of Cleome gynandra are sometimes used to treat wounds, cuts and bruises. Crushed leaves are applied directly to the affected area to help stop bleeding and promote healing.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Cleome gynandra has anti-inflammatory properties, and is sometimes used to reduce inflammation in the body. This makes it useful in the treatment of conditions such as arthritis and gout.

Antioxidant properties: The plant also has antioxidant properties, which help to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. This makes it useful in the prevention of chronic diseases such as, diabetes, heart disease and promotes blood circulation.

Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of the Syzygium aromaticum tree, native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. These evergreen trees produce clusters of flower buds that are harvested before they open, which gives cloves their distinctive shape and strong, warm flavor.

Harvesting involves hand-picking the unopened flower buds when they turn from green to slightly pink. The buds are then sun-dried until they become dark brown and hard. Once dried, they can be used whole or ground into powder.

As a spice, cloves are used in both sweet and savory dishes around the world. They are a key ingredient in spice blends like garam masala and pumpkin spice, and are commonly used in baking, marinades, and mulled drinks due to their bold, warm, and slightly peppery flavor.

Medicinally, cloves have been valued for centuries for their healing properties. They are especially known for:

• Relieving toothaches (thanks to eugenol, a natural anesthetic and antiseptic)
• Aiding digestion and reducing bloating
• Supporting respiratory health
• Acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent

Dates are the sweet fruits of the Phoenix dactylifera tree, commonly known as the date palm. Native to the Middle East and North Africa, this tall palm thrives in hot, arid climates and has been cultivated for thousands of years for its highly nutritious and energy-rich fruit.

Harvesting takes place when the dates ripen and turn from yellow or red to deep brown. Farmers often climb the trees or use lifts to access the fruit clusters, which are harvested by hand. The dates are then cleaned, sorted, and sometimes sun-dried or processed for storage and distribution.

As a spice, dates are not used in the traditional sense, but their natural sweetness and sticky texture make them a popular ingredient in spiced dishes, energy bars, chutneys, and baking, often as a sugar substitute or binding agent in spiced desserts and sauces.

Medicinally, dates are prized in many cultures for their health-boosting properties. They are:

• High in fiber, supporting digestive health
• Rich in natural sugars for quick energy
• A source of essential minerals like potassium, magnesium, and iron
• Used to ease labor in late pregnancy (as supported by some studies)
• Believed to help reduce inflammation and support brain and heart health

Erythrina abyssinica, known as the Coral tree, is a striking medium-sized tree recognized by its bright red, tubular flowers and thick, thorny branches. It thrives in savannahs and open woodlands across eastern and southern Africa, preferring well-drained soils. The leaves are trifoliate and the bark is spiny, making it easily identifiable. Traditionally, the Coral tree is valued for its medicinal properties, often used to support musculoskeletal health and relieve discomfort. Its bioactive compounds contribute to its reputation for managing inflammation and bolstering the body's natural defenses. The Coral tree also plays a vital role in local ecosystems, supporting pollinators with its vivid blossoms.

The plant has traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes by indigenous peoples in East Africa. The leaves, bark, and roots of the plant are said to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, and have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, coughs, pain management and skin infections.

Gorontula fruit, also known as Goron Tula or Azanza garckeana, is a tropical fruit native to parts of West Africa, especially Nigeria. Often called "African chewing gum" or "miracle fruit" due to its sticky texture and numerous traditional health uses, it grows on a medium-sized deciduous tree in savanna and woodland regions.

Harvesting involves collecting the mature fruits by hand when they ripen on the tree. The fruit is typically brown, sticky, and sweet-tasting, and can be consumed fresh or dried for later use. Once harvested, it may be cleaned and sun-dried to preserve it.

As a spice, Gorontula is not commonly used like conventional culinary spices but may be added to herbal mixtures or sweetened drinks for its flavor and thickening properties.

Medicinally, Gorontula is highly valued in traditional African medicine. It is often used to:

• Boost libido and reproductive health
• Support digestion and relieve constipation
• Help manage coughs and respiratory issues
• Regulate blood sugar and promote heart health

Its mucilaginous (gel-like) consistency also makes it popular as a natural remedy for dry throat and internal cleansing.

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is a small, creeping herb native to Asia, especially India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It thrives in moist, tropical environments and is recognized by its rounded, fan-shaped leaves. Gotu Kola is often referred to as “the herb of longevity” and has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and traditional Southeast Asian medicine.

Harvesting involves collecting the aerial parts—mainly the leaves and stems—once the plant has matured, usually several times a year. Harvesting is done by hand to preserve the delicate leaves, which are then washed and dried or used fresh, depending on their purpose.

As a spice, Gotu Kola is not pungent like culinary spices but is used as a leafy green or herb in salads, chutneys, and herbal teas, especially in Sri Lankan and Indonesian cuisine. Its mild, slightly bitter taste complements fresh and cooked dishes.

Medicinally, Gotu Kola is prized for its broad healing properties. It is used to:

• Promote cognitive function and memory
• Support wound healing and skin health
• Reduce anxiety and stress
• Improve circulation and strengthen blood vessels
• Support detoxification and liver health
• Treat minor burns, scars, and skin irritations when applied topically

Horny goatweed (Epimedium), also known as yin yang huo, is a herb native to China and other parts of East Asia. This perennial plant belongs to the Berberidaceae family and is known for its heart-shaped leaves and small, delicate flowers. The plant grows in shady, mountainous regions and is typically found in forests and along streams.

Harvesting involves collecting the leaves and stems, which are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The plant is harvested in late spring or early summer, when the active compounds are most potent. After harvesting, the plant material is often dried for use in supplements, powders, or teas.

As a spice, horny goatweed is not commonly used in cooking, but it can occasionally be found in herbal blends, teas, or as a flavoring agent in certain traditional dishes, especially in Chinese cuisine. Its use in the culinary world is more focused on its health benefits than its flavor.

Medicinally, horny goatweed has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. It is primarily used for:

– Widely known as a natural aphrodisiac for both men and women.
– Often used to address erectile dysfunction and improve sexual performance.
– Contains compounds that may help improve bone density and reduce symptoms of osteoporosis.
– Commonly used to increase vitality and reduce fatigue.
– Some studies suggest it may help improve circulation and support heart function.

The Orange Bird Berry (Hoslundia opposita) is a robust, evergreen shrub that typically reaches up to two meters tall. It is distinguished by its oval, opposite leaves and clusters of small, vibrant orange berries. Native to tropical regions of Africa, it flourishes along riverbanks, forest edges, and open woodlands. Traditionally valued for its medicinal versatility, the plant has been used to address a variety of health concerns, particularly minor pain, skin complaints, and respiratory issues. Its bioactive compounds—notably flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids—are known for their roles in supporting the body’s natural defense systems, encouraging wound healing, and soothing inflammation, making it a respected plant in herbal medicine.

Melanthra scandens is a plant commonly known as climbing melanthra or creeping oxeye. It is native to tropical regions of Africa and is used in traditional medicine for various purposes. Here are some of its known uses:

Treatment of malaria: The plant is used in traditional medicine to treat malaria. It is believed to have anti-malarial properties.

Treatment of fever: The leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of fever. It is believed to have antipyretic properties.

Treatment of respiratory infections: The plant is used to treat respiratory infections, such as coughs and colds.

Treatment of diarrhea: The roots of the plant are used to treat diarrhea.

Treatment of wounds: The plant is used externally as a poultice to treat wounds.

Treatment of skin infections: The leaves of the plant are used to treat skin infections, such as ringworm and eczema.

Treatment of stomach ailments: The plant is used to treat stomach ailments, such as stomachache.The herb is also used in treatment of fibroids.

Maca root comes from the Lepidium meyenii plant, a hardy, radish-like root vegetable native to the high Andes of Peru. Often called “Peruvian ginseng,” maca grows in harsh, high-altitude environments above 3,500 meters (11,500 feet), where few other crops can survive.

Harvesting takes place once the root matures—typically 8–9 months after planting. Farmers hand-pull the roots from the soil, dry them naturally in the sun for several weeks, and then grind them into a fine powder or sell them whole.

As a spice, maca is not pungent like typical culinary spices, but its nutty, earthy, slightly sweet flavor makes it a popular addition to smoothies, oatmeal, energy bars, and baked goods. It’s often used for its nutritional and adaptogenic properties rather than its taste alone.

Medicinally, maca root is widely used as a natural supplement and is traditionally believed to:

• Boost energy, stamina, and endurance
• Enhance libido and fertility in both men and women
• Support hormonal balance and ease menopause symptoms
• Improve mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression
• Support overall vitality and resilience to stress (adaptogenic effect)

Morella kandtiana is a plant species that belongs to the Myricaceae family and is found in the high-altitude forests of East Africa. on the medicinal uses of Morella kandtiana, it is known to have a number of traditional uses in local communities. Some of these uses include:

In addition to its medicinal uses, the plant is also used in traditional African cuisine, where the leaves and bark are used to flavor stews, soups, and other dishes.

Wound healing: The leaves of Morella kandtiana are believed to have wound-healing properties and are used to treat cuts, bruises, and other minor injuries.

Anti-inflammatory properties: The bark and leaves of Morella kandtiana are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties nd are used to treat a range of conditions including arthritis, rheumatism, and other inflammatory conditions.

The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is a tree native to India ,other parts of South Asia and Africa, and it has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. Various parts of the neem tree, including the leaves, bark, seeds, and oil, are used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes.

Anti-inflammatory: Neem leaf extracts have anti-inflammatory properties and can be used to reduce inflammation and swelling in the body. They have been used to treat conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory disorders and cysts.

Plant species found in Africa. The bark of this tree has been used traditionally in African medicine for various health issues such as fever, malaria,diarrhea and pain management.

In traditional medicine, the bark is often prepared as a decoction or infusion and used to treat various ailments such as wounds, stomach disorders, and respiratory infections.

The bark contains various chemical compounds, including tannins and alkaloids, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

Research has also shown that the bark of Newtonia buchananii has potential as a natural remedy for skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), also known as lady’s finger or gumbo, is a flowering plant in the mallow family, widely cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions. It produces long, green pods that contain tiny edible seeds and have a mucilaginous (gel-like) texture when cooked.

Harvesting occurs when the pods are still young and tender—typically 4–6 days after flowering. Farmers usually hand-pick okra every few days, as the pods grow quickly and become tough if left too long on the plant.

As a spice, okra isn't used in the traditional sense like dried herbs or seeds, but its mucilage is valued in cooking as a natural thickener for stews, soups, and curries—especially in dishes like gumbo and West African okra soup. Okra seeds, when roasted and ground, have also been used as a coffee substitute.

Medicinally, okra is appreciated for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. It is traditionally used to:

• Support digestion and relieve constipation
• Help regulate blood sugar levels
• Lower cholesterol
• Soothe stomach ulcers and inflammation
• Support heart and kidney health due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds

Rubus steudneri is a species of flowering plant in the Rosaceae family that is native to East Africa. It is also known by the common name of "African blackberry". here are some potential uses of Rubus steudneri herb:

Medicinal uses: In traditional medicine, Rubus steudneri is believed to have astringent and anti-diarrheal properties. Its leaves and fruits are used in treating diarrhea, stomach pains, and other gastrointestinal issues.

Culinary uses: The fruits of Rubus steudneri are edible and can be eaten fresh or used in jams and other preserves. They have a slightly sour taste and are high in vitamin C.

Ornamental uses: Rubus steudneri is often grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive leaves and dark purple-black fruits.

Ecological uses: The plant is known to have a beneficial effect on soil conservation and stabilization, and it is often planted for erosion control and to prevent soil degradation.

The African Tulip Tree (Spathodea campanulata) is a striking, fast-growing tree recognized for its vivid orange to scarlet, bell-shaped flowers. Reaching up to 25 meters, it has smooth, grayish bark and long, glossy, pinnate leaves. Native to tropical Africa, it adapts easily and now thrives in Asia, the Caribbean, and the Americas. Traditionally celebrated for its medicinal properties, it has been valued for addressing wounds, inflamed skin, and minor infections. Its bioactive content—including flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids—underpins its medicinal benefits such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. The plant’s unique appearance and therapeutic uses make it significant in ornamental landscaping and as a source of natural remedies in communities where it grows.

Tylosema fassoglensis, commonly known as Creeping Bauhinia, is a perennial climber with slender stems and trifoliate leaves resembling butterfly wings. The plant bears yellow to orange pea-like flowers and forms elongated, flattened seedpods. It thrives in semi-arid savannas and woodland edges across regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, Creeping Bauhinia has been valued for various healing applications. Its leaves, stems, and pods are rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolics, which impart antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These medicinal qualities have made it beneficial for supporting immune function, soothing mild inflammation, aiding healing of minor wounds, and improving digestive balance. The plant’s resilience and usefulness underscore its importance in local ethnomedicine.

Vernonia grantii is a species of the Vernonia genus, part of the Asteraceae (daisy) family, and is native to parts of tropical Africa. It is a leafy, shrubby plant often found in forested or savanna regions. Like other Vernonia species (such as Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf), V. grantii is known for its bitter taste and is used in both traditional cuisine and medicine.

Harvesting typically involves collecting the leaves and sometimes the stems. The leaves are harvested by hand, either fresh or after partial drying, and are used directly or processed (pounded, boiled, or dried) depending on the intended use.

As a spice, Vernonia grantii is not a spice in the conventional sense but is used in cooking for its distinctive bitter flavor. The leaves may be boiled to reduce bitterness and are often included in traditional soups and stews, especially in West and Central African cuisine.

Medicinally, Vernonia grantii is used in traditional herbal medicine to:

• Treat fevers and malaria-like symptoms
• Aid digestion and relieve gastrointestinal issues
• Support liver function
• Act as a general detoxifying agent
• Reduce inflammation and support immune health